By Anna-Claire Bevan
LatinaLista
When Guatemalan President Otto Pérez Molina first came to power just over a year ago, he promised to govern the country with a mano dura, an iron fist.
After years of Mexican drug cartels muscling their way across the border into Guatemala and Central America, it seemed as though the former army general had inherited a nation on its knees. The word on voters’ lips was ‘security’ and he assured them he would deliver: increasing the army to fight drug trafficking and secure the country’s borders.
About 90 percent of the cocaine entering North America every year passes through Central America, according to United Nations International Narcotics Control Board, costing Guatemala billions of dollars and thousands of lives each year.
However, it wasn’t always like this.
Up until fairly recently, the large majority of South American-grown drugs was transported to the United States by plane or boat. But the “War on Drugs” shifted the problem inland, which left Guatemala caught in the crossfire between illegal narcotic producing countries in the south and illegal narcotic consumers in the north.
Colonel Mario Mérida, a member of the Guatemalan Democratic Security Network, believes there are three fundamental factors as to why the Guatemalan coastline is ideal for drug traffickers: “The first is its geographical positioning, which doesn’t present any major difficulties for marine navigation; the second is the lack of government resources to maintain maritime and aerial control over the sea, and the third is the absence of a continued state presence like the police – and add to this the poverty, which encourages residents and fishermen to become complicit [in drug trafficking].”
Due to his previous job as head of military intelligence, Otto Pérez Molina has been at the forefront of his country’s drug war for more than 20 years. Now, after more than 12 months in power, has his government had any success at reducing drug trafficking?
“Otto Pérez Molina has prevented further expansion of [the Mexican drug cartels], yes. He’s halted the effect but not reversed it,” says US Security Analyst, Samuel Logan. “For drug shipment interdiction, 2012 was wholly successful and Pérez Molina allowed an unprecedented level of international access. But do Guatemalans feel more secure? I’d argue they don’t.”
Soon after taking office in January 2012, the Guatemalan President approved the creation of two new military bases in the country, upgraded a third and made it a priority to reinstate a longstanding ban on US military aid to Guatemala.
Many saw this as a controversial move, since the aid was stopped over concerns regarding abuses during the country’s civil war, and fear that Guatemala is reverting back to its military ways of the past.
In late August 2012 around 200 US Marines arrived in Guatemala as part of Operation Martillo, an international mission aimed at intercepting illegal narcotics, bulk cash and weapons being transported along Central America’s isthmus.
Operation Martillo has divided the public: some see it as a great success, but others disagree.
“There may be a few arrests, and there will be continuing military operations carried out in various regions of the country, in the name of fighting narco-trafficking, but there will be no fundamental changes in terms of the flow of drugs north,” says Canadian, Graham Russell from the Human Rights NGO Rights Action that works in Guatemala.
Logan agrees that the mission will not reduce the overall amount of drugs entering the US:
“Does it slow down trafficking? I don’t think so. If you fumigate one area, the crops will spring up in another: if we squeeze trafficking in Guatemala, it’ll shoot up in Honduras”.
In addition to his involvement in the US-led mission, the Guatemalan President ruffled a few feathers when he became the first head of state to suggest legalizing drugs.
The controversial proposal provoked strong criticism from the United States, as well as intense debate within Guatemala. However, it succeeded in getting the international community to discuss Latin America’s drug problem, which many believe was his objective.
During a recent press conference at the World Economics Forum in Davos, Switzerland, the right-wing general appealed to world leaders for a new approach to regulating the drugs market – stating that the current method was not working.
After spending more than one year fighting against drug trafficking on land and at sea, it seems the Guatemalan President’s new approach to the “War On Drugs” is to urge the international community to give prohibitionism a go.
Anna-Claire Bevan is a British journalist based in Guatemala City. She writes about political, environmental and social issues for magazines, newspapers and websites in the US, the UK, Guatemala and Spain. Anna originally set up her first blog Vida Latina as a result of her travels in Latin America and frustrations at the lack of media coverage that this area of the world receives.
